tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34552932361368855822024-03-13T01:20:50.211-07:00FUNGSI LINIERFUNGSI LINIERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00325983856561950594noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3455293236136885582.post-1595147039019084762011-10-16T21:11:00.000-07:002011-10-16T21:11:29.894-07:00PERTEMUAN KE - 4<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><!--[if !mso]> <style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:2;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:auto;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:roman;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">swiss</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraph</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-priority:34;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-priority:34;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-priority:34;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoListParagraphCxSpLast</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-priority:34;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoChpDefault</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ansi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoPapDefault</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-header-margin:36.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-footer-margin:36.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-id:1308629479;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-type:hybrid;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-list-template-ids:-536423844 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l0:level1
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-number-format:bullet;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-text:;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-tab-stop:none;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ol</span>
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ul</span>
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
-->
</style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-left:49.6pt;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";}
</style> <![endif]--> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">PENERAPAN FUNGSI LINIER DALAM EKONOMI MAKRO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>1. Fungsi Konsumsi, Fungsi Tabungan dan Angka Pengganda<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Pendapatan masyarakat suatu negara secara keseluruhan (pendapatan nasional) dalam ekonomi makro dialokasikan ke dua kategori penggunaan yaitu penggunaan konsumsi dan ditabung, Jika dimisalkan Y = pendapatan nasional, C = konsumsi, dan S=tabungan maka persamaannya adalah,</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y = C + S<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Konsumsi dan tabungan nasional pada umumnya dilambangkan sebagai fungsi linier dari pendapatan nasional. Keduanya berbanding lurus dengan pendapatan nasional. Jadi apabila semakin besar pendapatan maka konsumsi dan tabungan juga akan semakin besar, hal tersebut berlaku pula untuk kebalikkannya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.1. Fungsi Konsumsi<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Fungsi konsumsi menjelaskan hubungan antara konsumsi dan pendapatan nasional, yang secara umum dirumuskan sebagai berikut,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C = f(Y) = C<sub>o</sub> + cY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">Keterangan,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">Co <span> </span>: konsumsi otonom</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">C<span> </span>: MPC = …C/…Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="OLE_LINK14"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK13"><span>konstanta C<sub>o</sub> menunjukkan besarnya konsumsi nasional pada saat pendapatan nasional sebesar nol (mencerminkan konsumsi nasional minimum/<i>autonomous consumption</i>, konsumsi otonom) yang pasti harus tersedia walaupun pendapatan nasional nihil. Secara grafik C<sub>o</sub> merupakan penggal kurva konsumsi pada sumbu vertikal C. Koefisien “c” mencerminkan besarnya tambahan konsumsi sebagai akibat adanya tambahan pendapatan nasional. Dalam bahasa ekonomi “c” adalah <i>Marginal Propensity Consume</i>. </span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.2. Fungsi Tabungan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span> </span></b>Fungsi tabungan menjelaskan hubungan antara tabungan dan pendapatan nasional yang secara umum bentuk persamaannya adalah sebagai berikut,</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">S = g(Y) = S<sub>o</sub> + sY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">Keterangan,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">So <span> </span>: tabungan otonom</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">s<span> </span>: MPS = …S/…Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">konstanta S<sub>o</sub> menunjukkan besarnya tabungan otonom <i>(autonomous saving) </i>merupakan penggal kurva tabungan pada sumbu vertikal S. Koefisien “s” adalah <i>Marginal Propensity to Save</i> merupakan lereng dari kurva tabungan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Kurva konsumsi dan tabungan dapat digambarkan secara bersama-sama pada sistem sumbu silang seperti di bawah ini,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGACLGzvnNSBsfq3QZ9YaE8OlgWcBx9PtOptp9VySW0_XZ8uP_qmSbMTZTwtuVKhaQSEb2L5lkByZcYcd5gHtBAwPoaxBs3lMFvf8xw21iNGhch0vuef0p7t1zseP6xym0Nz97YcIu7t9z/s1600/coba+4-1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGACLGzvnNSBsfq3QZ9YaE8OlgWcBx9PtOptp9VySW0_XZ8uP_qmSbMTZTwtuVKhaQSEb2L5lkByZcYcd5gHtBAwPoaxBs3lMFvf8xw21iNGhch0vuef0p7t1zseP6xym0Nz97YcIu7t9z/s1600/coba+4-1.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Garis bantu Y = C + S yang membentuk sudut 45<sup>0</sup> merupakan penjumlahan grafik kurva C dan kurva S. Pada titik M nilai S = 0, berarti seluruh pendapatan dialokasikan untuk keperluan konsumsi. Di sebelah kanan titik M pendapatan lebih besar daripada konsumsi sehingga kelebihan pendapatan tersebut bisa ditabung, hal ini tercermin dari positifnya kurva S. Sedangkan di sebelah kiri titik M pendapatan lebih kecil daripada konsumsi, berarti sebagian konsumsi dibiayai bukan dari pendapatan sendiri melainkan dari sumber lain <span></span>misalnya <span> </span>pinjaman. Dalam <span> </span>kondisi <span> </span>ini t abungannya negatif <i>(dissaving)</i>. <span> </span>Pada<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>titik O (0,0) seluruh konsumsi bahkan dibiayai bukan dari pendapatan, besarnya konsumsi sama dengan tabungan negatif.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh 10<span> </span>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Konsumsi masyarakat suatu negara ditunjukkan oleh persamaan C = 30 + 0,8 Y. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Bagaimanakah fungsi tabungannya ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Bagaimanakah besarnya konsumsi jika tabungan sebesar 20 ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jawab<span> </span>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. <span> </span>S = Y – C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span><span> </span>= Y – (30 + 0,8 Y)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span>S = - 30 + 0,2 Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Jika besarnya S = 20 maka,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span><span> </span>S = - 30 + 0,2 Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span>20 = - 30 + 0,2 Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span>0,2 Y = 50</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span><span> </span>Y = 250</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span>Jadi besarnya konsumsi dengan tabungan sebesar 20 adalah C = Y – S = 230.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7GITf7TW05GMG6kAEF2RxJNX3B2WpsfZcbO42khaNAF9DhZ4PD0PKckl6TXE8d1hA_OS78TKdUMSpJy3GkiT60SWx9Km8QmSYCqrxmbDpF-NzCM-heR1JMgSAfLMXHj9OXgqQAihR_Kh/s1600/coba+4-2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7GITf7TW05GMG6kAEF2RxJNX3B2WpsfZcbO42khaNAF9DhZ4PD0PKckl6TXE8d1hA_OS78TKdUMSpJy3GkiT60SWx9Km8QmSYCqrxmbDpF-NzCM-heR1JMgSAfLMXHj9OXgqQAihR_Kh/s1600/coba+4-2.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> <o:p></o:p><b>1.3. Angka Pengganda<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Angka pengganda ialah suatu bilangan yang menjelaskan tambahan pendapatan nasional sebagai akibat adanya perubahan pada variabel-variabel tertentu dalam perekonomian. Rumus angka pengganda model sederhana adalah sebagai berikut,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxo0m9U7iZR7_6Q-cXScsr5NEmYdJOnoG3P1ahk9Ua16nbtQEpEazi6qnqW5iReybHdmyCK7gMSOmDPbSoGA09QvYELzvSt8bmouwPT47c4mN79ulmfchZFcvrakzd7ovRKYxLMEoQ9kX/s1600/coba+4-3.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxo0m9U7iZR7_6Q-cXScsr5NEmYdJOnoG3P1ahk9Ua16nbtQEpEazi6qnqW5iReybHdmyCK7gMSOmDPbSoGA09QvYELzvSt8bmouwPT47c4mN79ulmfchZFcvrakzd7ovRKYxLMEoQ9kX/s1600/coba+4-3.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></b><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:
150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>k</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></b><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></span></b></m:num><m:den><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
line-height:150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>1</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>c</m:r></span></b></m:den></m:f><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:
150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>=</m:r></span></b><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr
m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></span></b></m:num><m:den><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
line-height:150%'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="b"/></m:rPr>s</m:r></span></b></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 16pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 32.25pt; width: 69pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">dari contoh 10 dengan nilai MPS = 0,2 berarti angka penggandanya k = 5. Artinya bahwa apabila variabel ekonomi tertentu (misalnya investasi atau pengeluaran pemerintah) ditambah sejumlah variabel tertentu, maka pendapatan nasional akan bertambah sebesar 5 kali variabel tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>2. Pendapatan Disposabel<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Pendapatan disposabel<span> </span><i>(disposable income)</i> adalah pendapatan nasional yang secara nyata dapat dibelanjakan oleh masyarakat (tidak termasuk di dalamnya pendapatan pemerintah seperti pajak, cukai, dsb). Pengenaan pajak menyebabkan pendapatan disposabel<span> </span>berkurang sebesar pajak tersebut. Misalnya jika pendapatan nasional adalah Y, tetapi di dalamnya termasuk pendapatan pemerintah atau pajak sebesar T, maka pendapatan disposabel yang dapat dibelanjakan dan ditabung oleh masyakarat adalah sebesar </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Y<sub>d </sub>= Y – T. Jadi pajak merupakan variabel yang memperkecil pendapatan disposabel.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Variabel yang memperbesar pendapatan dipsobel masyarakat adalah variabel pembayaran khusus dari pemerintah kepada masyarakat yang sifatnya merupakan pembayaran ekstra atau tunjangan (misalnya tunjangan pension, THR, gaji ke 13, dll). Pembayaran khusus yang bersifat ekstra dalam ekonomi makro dikenal dengan istilah <b>pembayaran alihan <i>(transfer payment).</i></b> Misalnya jika pendapatan nasional sebesar Y, tetapi selain itu pemerintah memberikan pembayaran alihan sebesar R, maka pendapatan disposabelnya menjadi Y<sub>d</sub> = Y + R.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span> </span>Besarnya pendapatan disposabel dapat dirinci sebagai berikut,</div><ul><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Apabila tidak terdapat pajak maupun pembayaran alihan maka,</li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>d</sub> = Y<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ul><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Apabila hanya terdapat pajak maka,</li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>d</sub> = Y - T<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Apabila hanya terdapat pembayaran alihan maka,</li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>d</sub> = Y + R<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ul><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Apabila terdapat pajak dan pembayaran alihan maka,</li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>d</sub> = Y – T + R<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Memahami penjelasan di atas akhirnya kita dapat mengetahui bahwa variabel bebas dalam persamaan fungsi konsumsi dan fungsi tabungan sesungguhnya adalah pendapatan disposabel (Y<sub>d</sub>)<span> </span>bukan pendapatan nasional (Y). Oleh karena itu rumus fungsi konsumsi dan fungsi tabungan menjadi,</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C = f (Y<sub>d</sub>) = Co + c Y<sub>d</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">S = g (Y<sub>d</sub>) = So + s Y<sub>d</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Y<sub>d</sub> = C + S<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh 11<span> </span>:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Fungsi konsumsi masyarakat suatu negara ditunjukkan dengan persamaan C = 30 + 0,8Y<sub>d</sub>. Jika pemerintah menerima pajak dari masyarakat sebesar 16 akan tetapi pemerintah juga memberi<span> </span>pembayaran alihan kepada masyarakat sebesar 6.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">a. Berapakah konsumsi nasional seandainya pendapatan nasional pada tahun tersebut sebesar 200 ?</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Berapakah tabungan nasional yang terkumpul ?</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jawab<span> </span>:</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;">a.<span> </span>Y<sub>d</sub> = Y – T + R = 200 – 16 + 6 =190</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span> </span>C = 30 + 0,8 Y<sub>d</sub> = 30 + 0,8 (190) = 182</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;">b.<span> </span>S = Y<sub>d</sub> – C = 190 – 182 = 8</div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>FUNGSI LINIERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00325983856561950594noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3455293236136885582.post-30841643662671355432011-10-16T20:25:00.000-07:002011-10-17T01:44:10.721-07:00PERTEMUAN KE - 3<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:roman;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">panose</span>-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">charset</span>:0;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-generic-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">swiss</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-pitch:variable;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">li</span>.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>, div.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoNormal</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">unhide</span>:no;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">qformat</span>:yes;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math","serif";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoChpDefault</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ansi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-size:12.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">ascii</span>-font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-font-family:<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Calibri</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">fareast</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">latin</span>;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">hansi</span>-font-family:"<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">Cambria</span> Math";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-font-family:"Times New Roman";
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>-theme-font:minor-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bidi</span>;}
.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">MsoPapDefault</span>
{<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-header-margin:36.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-footer-margin:36.0pt;
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">mso</span>-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>1. Fungsi Biaya dan Fungsi Penerimaan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>1.1. Fungsi Biaya<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Biaya total <i>(total cost)</i> yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah perusahaan dalam operasi bisnisnya terdiri atas biaya tetap <i>(fixed cost)</i>. Sesuai dengan namanya, sifat biaya tetap adalah tidak tergantung pada jumlah barang yang dihasilkan. Berapa unitpun barang yang dihasilkan, jumlah biaya tetap dalam jangka pendek senantiasa tidak berubah. Secara matematik, biaya tetap bukan merupakan fungsi dari jumlah barang dihasilkan tetapi merupakan sebuah konstanta, dan kurvanya berupa sebuah garis lurus sejajar sumbu jumlah. Sebaliknya biaya variabel tergantung pada jumlah barang yang dihasilkan. Semakin banyak jumlah barang yang dihasilkan semakin besar pula biaya variabelnya. Secara matematik biaya variabel merupakan fungsi dari jumlah barang yang dihasilkan, kurvanya berupa sebuah garis lurus berlereng positif dan bermula dari titik pangkal.</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FC = k<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">VC = f (Q) = vQ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C = g (Q) = FC + VC = k + vQ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">Keterangan :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">FC : biaya tetap </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">VC : biaya variabel</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;"> C : biaya total </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;"> k : konstanta</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> v : lereng kurva VC dan kurva C<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMTu_TfsFvrRm3OZFKQlbgFJOigQysyDO5NwCWMCQKSMfEYlMuR-vOrwNK4qSO_fdu-Y0Xk8XL_3vKp6v86BPPQDEijzi8BiyLF8qLFX36Goyy1_9qx-wLwUjk_KxF-uMVzhAfP-82yfs/s1600/coba+3-1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMTu_TfsFvrRm3OZFKQlbgFJOigQysyDO5NwCWMCQKSMfEYlMuR-vOrwNK4qSO_fdu-Y0Xk8XL_3vKp6v86BPPQDEijzi8BiyLF8qLFX36Goyy1_9qx-wLwUjk_KxF-uMVzhAfP-82yfs/s1600/coba+3-1.bmp" /></a></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 180.75pt; width: 341.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh 6 :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Biaya tetap yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah perusahaan sebesar Rp. 20.000,- sedangkan biaya variabelnya ditunjukkan oleh persamaan VC = 100Q. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Tunjukkan persamaan dan kurva biaya totalnya!</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">b. Berapa biaya total yang dikeluarkan jika perusahaan tersebut memproduksi 500 unit barang ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Jawab :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 16pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 33pt; width: 69pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwgMX4zYww2mYbmn8DM-gghXPfTv_JJFuC6TFtTW1wLcYMUTY9vtJ2Ynta1-QESBUeb7mETnN7-JNAHs_LU5_RtU-iW90DLfyCMqv1-AFMzIVSBjcpdPUgoLsmYfhyphenhyphengLh19vMYQKawUS2a/s1600/coba+3-2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwgMX4zYww2mYbmn8DM-gghXPfTv_JJFuC6TFtTW1wLcYMUTY9vtJ2Ynta1-QESBUeb7mETnN7-JNAHs_LU5_RtU-iW90DLfyCMqv1-AFMzIVSBjcpdPUgoLsmYfhyphenhyphengLh19vMYQKawUS2a/s1600/coba+3-2.bmp" /></a></div><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Kurva :<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeo-mISsTLUALpyDkUh_8TBCT75JZ1nIgmaJmZcTuf8Lmgwguy8hQHBV7FaAujIOPF9-CypL4n_9rHs4SQMizlc1p2rQ7PlEZxTzH9dLQRdZcX8Iaw5Gj1isrezHpZLPygrHNBmdfukQHF/s1600/coba+3-3.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeo-mISsTLUALpyDkUh_8TBCT75JZ1nIgmaJmZcTuf8Lmgwguy8hQHBV7FaAujIOPF9-CypL4n_9rHs4SQMizlc1p2rQ7PlEZxTzH9dLQRdZcX8Iaw5Gj1isrezHpZLPygrHNBmdfukQHF/s1600/coba+3-3.bmp" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">b. Jadi perusahaan harus mengeluarkan biaya total sebesar Rp. 70.000,0 untuk memproduksi 500 unit barang.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>1.2. Fungsi Penerimaan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> Penerimaan sebuah perusahaan dari hasil penjualan barang merupakan fungsi dari jumlah barang yang terjual atau dihasilkan. Semakin banyak barang yang diproduksi dan terjual semakin besar pula penerimaannya. Penerimaan total <i>(total revenue)</i> adalah hasil kali jumlah barang yang terjual dengan harga jual per unit barang tersebut. Secara matematik, penerimaan merupakan fungsi jumlah barang kurvanya berupa garis lurus berlereng positif dan bermula dari titik pangkal.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">R = Q x P = f (Q)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">dalam menganalisis penerimaan selalu dianggap bahwa perusahaan senantiasa berhasil menjual setiap barang yang dihasilkannya, dengan demikian Q dalam R = f (Q) bukan saja melambangkan jumlah barang dihasilkan tetapi juga melambangkan jumlah barang yang terjual.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh 7 : </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Harga jual produk yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah perusahaan Rp. 200,- per unit. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Tunjukkan persamaan dan kurva penerimaan total perusahaan tersebut !</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Berapa besar penerimaannya bila terjual barang sebanyak 350 unit ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jawab :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> R = Q x P</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> = Q x 200 = 200 Q</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLJbGcL0NN_zwcjr5v_dSNZALxOEa3GPrQZFWrvqrPSn2tBcnQJ_gLgYbNajZ80YptebhqtIfrWhPwrJzphNt20F3SlEjGj5P4DtxIhTwDca_LjM4FXeE3Y-2tPsrS97UmngJzWj0o0JiT/s1600/coba+3-4.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLJbGcL0NN_zwcjr5v_dSNZALxOEa3GPrQZFWrvqrPSn2tBcnQJ_gLgYbNajZ80YptebhqtIfrWhPwrJzphNt20F3SlEjGj5P4DtxIhTwDca_LjM4FXeE3Y-2tPsrS97UmngJzWj0o0JiT/s1600/coba+3-4.bmp" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" o:ole="" style="height: 256.5pt; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Bila Q = 350, maka R = 200 x 350 = 70.000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>2. Analisis Pulang Pokok <i>(Break Even Point)</i><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Penerimaan dan biaya merupakan variabel-variabel penting untuk mengetahui kondisi bisnis suatu perusahaan. Bila diketahui penerimaan total (R) yang diperoleh dari biaya total (C) yang dikeluarkan, maka dapat dianalisis apakah perusahaan mendapat keuntungan atau mengalami kerugian. Keuntungan (profit positif, ….> 0) <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3455293236136885582" name="OLE_LINK12"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3455293236136885582" name="OLE_LINK11">akan didapat bila R > C, secara grafik hal ini terlihat pada area dimana kurva R terletak di atas kurva C. </a>Sebaliknya kerugian (profit positif, ….< 0) akan didapat bila R < C, secara grafik hal ini terlihat pada area dimana kurva R terletak di bawah kurva C.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwE3CXEmFz6zzazjrSGSNIwzSBukVrnJXHwTPKzTPJ_mVdsmS7RY6JuJ2UB4WNpClZtCREFGggirEAF88vg5jma2IdENuyKJ7eYaWR1liu7e_XPdp1Q0mgxQDye3b19FD-KhA36_hUDL6B/s1600/coba+3-5.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Konsep yang lebih penting berkenaan dengan R dan C adalah konsep “pulang pokok (break even point)” yaitu konsep yang digunakan untuk menganalisis jumlah minimum produk yang harus dihasilkan atau terjual agar perusahaan tidak mengalami kerugian. Keadaan pulang pokok (profit nol, …..=0) terjadi apabila R = C, artinya perusahaan tidak memperoleh keuntungan tetapi tidak pula merugi. Secara grafik hal ini ditunjukkan oleh perpotongan antara kurva R dan C.</div><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwE3CXEmFz6zzazjrSGSNIwzSBukVrnJXHwTPKzTPJ_mVdsmS7RY6JuJ2UB4WNpClZtCREFGggirEAF88vg5jma2IdENuyKJ7eYaWR1liu7e_XPdp1Q0mgxQDye3b19FD-KhA36_hUDL6B/s1600/coba+3-5.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwE3CXEmFz6zzazjrSGSNIwzSBukVrnJXHwTPKzTPJ_mVdsmS7RY6JuJ2UB4WNpClZtCREFGggirEAF88vg5jma2IdENuyKJ7eYaWR1liu7e_XPdp1Q0mgxQDye3b19FD-KhA36_hUDL6B/s1600/coba+3-5.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Q* mencerminkan posisi tingkat produksi/penjualan pulang pokok. Area disebelah kanan Q* merupakan area keuntungan (….>0) sedangkan di sebelah kiri Q* merupakan area kerugian (…. < 0).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh 8 :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Bila biaya total yang dikeluarkan perusahaan ditunjukkan oleh persamaan C=20.000+100Q dan penerimaan totalnya R = 200Q. Pada tingkat produksi berapa unit perusahaan ini berada dalam posisi pulang pokok ? Apa yang terjadi jika perusahaan tersebut berproduksi sebanyak 300 unit ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jawab :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Kondisi pulang pokok akan terjadi apabila ….=0, dimana nilai …= R – C. Artinya R – C = 0 atau R = C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> R =C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">200Q = 20.000 + 100Q</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">100Q = 20.000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> Q = 200<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi77LEc48TUg7dsnGh3I-GpRLTJJIj1NCeEQDllZ6MyN1uyPnO-3-cNBJkV0jYWuEg7xGlJR5IQFN3dCwY-0n08ZFX-XTFdlNIy9CQMwgo9N459rv6bqERokyP6QgyR_rqZxUtXgcMqqMn7/s1600/coba+3-6.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi77LEc48TUg7dsnGh3I-GpRLTJJIj1NCeEQDllZ6MyN1uyPnO-3-cNBJkV0jYWuEg7xGlJR5IQFN3dCwY-0n08ZFX-XTFdlNIy9CQMwgo9N459rv6bqERokyP6QgyR_rqZxUtXgcMqqMn7/s1600/coba+3-6.bmp" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jika Q = 300 unit maka, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">R = 200 (300) = 60.000;</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">C = 20.000 + 100(300) = 50.000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">…..= R – C = 60.000 – 50.000 = 10.000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jadi apabila perusahaan memproduksi sebanyak 300 unit maka perusahaan akan memperoleh keuntungan sebesar 10.000. Posisi pulang pokok terjadi pada tingkat produksi 200 unit, R dan C sama-sama sebesar 40.000. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b>3. Fungsi Anggaran<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> Ekonomi mikro mengenal dua teori yang membahas tentang fungsi anggaran yaitu <b>teori produksi</b> dan <b>teori konsumsi</b>. <b>Pada teori produksi</b>, fungsi anggaran mencerminkan batas maksimum kemampuan seorang produsen membeli dua macam <i>input</i> atau lebih, berkenaan dengan jumlah dana yang tersedia dan harga masing-masing <i>input</i>. Gambar dari fungsi anggarannya dikenal dengan sebutan isokos <i>(isocost)</i>. <b>Pada teori konsumsi</b>, fungsi anggaran mencerminkan batas maksimum kemampuan seorang konsumen membeli dua macam <i>output </i>atau lebih, berkenaan dengan jumlah pendapatannya dan harga masing-masing <i>output. </i>Gambar dari fungsi anggarannya dikenal dengan sebutan garis anggaran <i>(budget line).<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> Bentuk umum persamaan fungsi anggaran,</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">M = x. Px + y. Py<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 491px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Teori Produksi<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm;" valign="top" width="265"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Teori Konsumsi<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">M : jumlah dana produsen</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">x : jumlah <i>input </i>X</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">y : jumlah <i>input </i>Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">Px : harga X per unit</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">Py : harga Y per unit</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm;" valign="top" width="265"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">M : jumlah pendapatan konsumen</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">x : jumlah <i>output</i> X</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">y : jumlah <i>output</i> Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">Px : harga X per unit</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm;">Py : harga Y per unit</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: left;">Contoh 9 :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Bentuklah persamaan anggaran seorang konsumen untuk barang X dan barang Y apabila pendapatan yang disediakannya sebesar Rp. 100.000,- sedangkan harga barang X dan barang Y masing-masing Rp. 500,- dan Rp. 1.000,- per unit. Jika semua pendapatan yang dianggarkan dibelanjakan untuk barang X, berapa unit barang X dapat dibelinya ?. Berapa unit barang Y dapat dibeli kalau ia hanya membeli 100 unit barang X ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jawab :</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">M = x. Px + y. Py<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Persamaan anggarannya adalah 100.000 = 500 <i>X</i> + 1000 Y.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Jika semua pendapatan dibelanjakan untuk barang X ( Y = 0), maka jumlah X yang dapat dibeli 100.000 = 500 X —› X = 200 unit. Jika barang X dibeli sebanyak 100 unit maka,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">100.000 = 500 (100) + 1000 Y</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt;">1000 Y = 50000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: 36pt;">Y = 50 unit</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" o:ole="" style="height: 191.25pt; width: 431.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5EzoH02DN3iIWWmuIQeQJBIvJ5T9nub8PzA7vtFeX9IYkbghdNzcfUGVqHZ1S5rsAjncUf6dUGspPwhgAZMWdXYquRWGx6o39N3umP0hvtml3zSQd8DGHZEgmJuyjj9Fwk1cXvJnQ56vg/s1600/coba+3-7.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5EzoH02DN3iIWWmuIQeQJBIvJ5T9nub8PzA7vtFeX9IYkbghdNzcfUGVqHZ1S5rsAjncUf6dUGspPwhgAZMWdXYquRWGx6o39N3umP0hvtml3zSQd8DGHZEgmJuyjj9Fwk1cXvJnQ56vg/s640/coba+3-7.bmp" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br />
</div>FUNGSI LINIERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00325983856561950594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3455293236136885582.post-47545733458543344682011-09-28T19:10:00.000-07:002011-10-16T16:25:36.361-07:00PERTEMUAN KE - 1<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Bentuk fungsi dalam matematika dapat digunakan untuk mencari hubungan sebab akibat antara berbagai variable ekonomi misalnya hubungan antara investasi dan tingkat bunga. Dari berbagai macam hubungan fungsional yang ada dalam matematika, hubungan linier merupakan bentuk yang paling sering digunakan dalam analisis ekonomi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1. Persamaan Linier<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Persamaan linier dapat dibentuk dengan berbagai macam cara (tergantung dari data yang tersedia), du Mairy (2003, 79) membaginya menjadi empat cara yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Cara dwi koordinat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Cara koordinat lereng</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">c. Cara penggal lereng</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">d. Cara dwi penggal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.1. Cara Dwi Koordinat<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Persamaan linier dibentuk dari dua buah titik, misalnya diketahui titik A (x<sub>1</sub>,y<sub>1</sub>) dan titik B(x<sub>2</sub>,y<sub>2</sub> maka rumus untuk mencari persamaan liniernya adalah,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEQBb3-Xzf5NCZPC9Tb9CuM56_iSxWrjycZEGqnOwD3coLkhdrmTpCjVibYnj6mHjm8nsLo7ZGVhGoDGrJmRwMKyEvA5rCnCwNlDeHRDUjTHnvEmEhk-8EU0irZDllC52aJGiREn2iv5r0/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEQBb3-Xzf5NCZPC9Tb9CuM56_iSxWrjycZEGqnOwD3coLkhdrmTpCjVibYnj6mHjm8nsLo7ZGVhGoDGrJmRwMKyEvA5rCnCwNlDeHRDUjTHnvEmEhk-8EU0irZDllC52aJGiREn2iv5r0/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh : Jika diketahui titik A berkoordinat (4,6) dan titik B berkoordinat (12,10) maka persamaan liniernya adalah,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAcvmJzSORuN1Ut04x1_5dva3z_STpaWHxB4TgmLiRQQbRYzbLslC-AdIiWhCiVxNK0YPAuWn4WrL-laQjKqC5wDcbz_QIZXqFng1iXndD92ICgMri-jJclims7iyrUKMPjT9YZqc1xea/s1600/New+Picture+%25281%2529.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAcvmJzSORuN1Ut04x1_5dva3z_STpaWHxB4TgmLiRQQbRYzbLslC-AdIiWhCiVxNK0YPAuWn4WrL-laQjKqC5wDcbz_QIZXqFng1iXndD92ICgMri-jJclims7iyrUKMPjT9YZqc1xea/s1600/New+Picture+%25281%2529.bmp" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikr6Gkfe8vU1ePyHwBcn3r24ii_paSugwdfszsSeYTvfEfoohLv3Nnx9lwgcY8uIIYRvqq0u7iE3kQEU-VfyzHCqR1DiIbOAbOYp4zTiPcJQ09U2Pt6MjOOwJwfWsd1j-FgR-mVYWsjC_s/s1600/coba.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikr6Gkfe8vU1ePyHwBcn3r24ii_paSugwdfszsSeYTvfEfoohLv3Nnx9lwgcY8uIIYRvqq0u7iE3kQEU-VfyzHCqR1DiIbOAbOYp4zTiPcJQ09U2Pt6MjOOwJwfWsd1j-FgR-mVYWsjC_s/s1600/coba.bmp" /></a></div><a href="file:///D:/My%20Pictures/coba.bmp"></a><br />
<br />
<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.2. Cara Koordinat Lereng<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Dari sebuah titik dan suatu kemiringan dapat dibentuk persamaan linier yang memenuhi titik dan kemiringan tersebut, misalnya diketahui titik A (x<sub>1</sub>,y<sub>1</sub>) dan kemiringan garisnya “b” maka rumus persamaan liniernya adalah :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhafC9CfxyrU6DYah2zqS1BEKzRfn-nQ1bdhYDlKgGzNmO4EXBj2Cnhl4CdloNXn7Htg-VlG4CMNmFjwhVcV3fdlt05AswT0FH6y_PUZRJyX5VNfnu7KrRGXUWqgqL6gr78gc90mNNu_R2a/s1600/coba-1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhafC9CfxyrU6DYah2zqS1BEKzRfn-nQ1bdhYDlKgGzNmO4EXBj2Cnhl4CdloNXn7Htg-VlG4CMNmFjwhVcV3fdlt05AswT0FH6y_PUZRJyX5VNfnu7KrRGXUWqgqL6gr78gc90mNNu_R2a/s1600/coba-1.bmp" /></a></div><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh : Diketahui titik A(4,6) dengan kemiringan garis 1, maka persamaan liniernya adalah :<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">y – 6 = 1 (x – 4)<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">y = x + 2<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.3. Cara Penggal Lereng<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Data yang diperlukan untuk mencari persamaan linier dengan cara penggal adalah penggal pada salah satu sumbu dan kemiringan garis yang memenuhi persamaan. Rumus yang digunakan adalah :<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> <b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">y = a + bx<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> Ket : a = penggal : b = kemiringan<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh : Jika diketahui penggal dan kemiringan garis y = f(x) adalah 4 dan 2, maka persamaan liniernya adalah :<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> y = 4 + 2x<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>1.4. Cara Dwi Penggal<o:p></o:p></b></div><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan linier dapat juga dibentuk dengan mengetahui penggal garis tersebut pada masing-masing sumbu. Sumbu vertical ketika x = 0 dan sumbu horizontal ketika y = 0. Jika </span><br />
<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">dimisalkan dari sebuah garis lurus penggal pada sumbu vertical adalah a dan penggal pada sumbu horizontal adalah c, maka persamaan liniernya adalah :<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 37.5pt; width: 77.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjcpz-RZSuPNifNFi2R9kaDE-UCRtuLQRCU-doWoorv1FzeFwbLw380F-i_8m44vpzxVM0YZNglkfL2tcp1TLd3M8ac6xuD4unHvDRDd9fqxc_GDjD3FYUg-ffV7yHcvk8Zl2yy5gwvzGe/s1600/coba-2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjcpz-RZSuPNifNFi2R9kaDE-UCRtuLQRCU-doWoorv1FzeFwbLw380F-i_8m44vpzxVM0YZNglkfL2tcp1TLd3M8ac6xuD4unHvDRDd9fqxc_GDjD3FYUg-ffV7yHcvk8Zl2yy5gwvzGe/s1600/coba-2.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Contoh : Jika penggal sebuah garis lurus pada sumbu vertikal adalah 2 dan sumbu horisontal </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">adalah -4, maka persamaan liniernya adalah :<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 36pt; width: 83.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 21pt; width: 69pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Gambar garis lurus dari persamaan y = 2 + 0,5 x adalah<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMArrAuSUk89IyohzZ0V6j65bFTrphyY6AN-kcvXmZEFb78tbdIMlLZK9po7eIs9KZxgvXySdvpI7BzPkS_MhsnkDaEhRQgk5iYCVF7LFl43ffPRvglgCYCxhE4MjBRpqkK_rkGA4Erkex/s1600/coba-4.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMArrAuSUk89IyohzZ0V6j65bFTrphyY6AN-kcvXmZEFb78tbdIMlLZK9po7eIs9KZxgvXySdvpI7BzPkS_MhsnkDaEhRQgk5iYCVF7LFl43ffPRvglgCYCxhE4MjBRpqkK_rkGA4Erkex/s1600/coba-4.bmp" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9JPJVcmPCoSzY_Cdc94EHm8l_HKMZWiU1UIir843bxWXIMXd-x9N8aoO4hCoqDrJRYoLcQMQldjA8OELuo7gRN0o510O2yQmlDW7GXDAxSqXNWfhpBJN_SCCKBN6edPUytB47Ry1MhDx/s1600/coba-5.bmp" imageanchor="1"></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Lereng sebuah garis lurus adalah hasil bagi selisih antara dua ordinat (y<sub>2</sub> – y<sub>1</sub>) terhadap selisih antara dua absis (x<sub>2</sub> – x<sub>1</sub>). Rumus persamaan liniernya adalah sbb,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 39.75pt; width: 111pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9JPJVcmPCoSzY_Cdc94EHm8l_HKMZWiU1UIir843bxWXIMXd-x9N8aoO4hCoqDrJRYoLcQMQldjA8OELuo7gRN0o510O2yQmlDW7GXDAxSqXNWfhpBJN_SCCKBN6edPUytB47Ry1MhDx/s1600/coba-5.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9JPJVcmPCoSzY_Cdc94EHm8l_HKMZWiU1UIir843bxWXIMXd-x9N8aoO4hCoqDrJRYoLcQMQldjA8OELuo7gRN0o510O2yQmlDW7GXDAxSqXNWfhpBJN_SCCKBN6edPUytB47Ry1MhDx/s1600/coba-5.bmp" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Rumus hubungan linier menurut cara koordinat lereng adalah,<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibCyQ68prNo5soj2kOC4BblN1uBLLOKTFvsrUnGX9AgxcMK_q4m-4HOdz46ucNcXi9aOBVbyt6OcnfBZG6X2xDnZugCsed-gHD1WvI5NGjIrQ-yKlw_AiW16Jx8vzjsqJwadXE9Y-WSfP/s1600/coba-6.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjibCyQ68prNo5soj2kOC4BblN1uBLLOKTFvsrUnGX9AgxcMK_q4m-4HOdz46ucNcXi9aOBVbyt6OcnfBZG6X2xDnZugCsed-gHD1WvI5NGjIrQ-yKlw_AiW16Jx8vzjsqJwadXE9Y-WSfP/s1600/coba-6.bmp" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> <link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_oledata.mso" rel="OLE-Object-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:49.6pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-left:49.6pt;
text-align:justify;
line-height:150%;}
@page Section1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">dimana rumus untuk mencari nilai “b” adalah sbb,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3JFU1HuJ_r5rOVyBx3VbZc16ONHQEQ2io8LwJw9TW-J_79jzGcrZeZohgJeSPxAeihgavdFmmLEhHxjIriInUd0mFhIBXSTtQAqqcfJ22OpYFRzp7VXZ3GTY_nhAjgKyOJvmMV-HxxSI/s1600/coba-7.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb3JFU1HuJ_r5rOVyBx3VbZc16ONHQEQ2io8LwJw9TW-J_79jzGcrZeZohgJeSPxAeihgavdFmmLEhHxjIriInUd0mFhIBXSTtQAqqcfJ22OpYFRzp7VXZ3GTY_nhAjgKyOJvmMV-HxxSI/s1600/coba-7.bmp" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 39.75pt; width: 76.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>2. Hubungan Dua Garis Lurus<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Dua buah garis lurus akan mempunyai empat macam kemungkinan bentuk hubungan yaitu,<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">a. Garis saling berimpit<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">b. Garis saling sejajar<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">c. Garis saling berpotongan<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">d. Garis saling berpotongan tegak lurus<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>2.1. Dua Buah Garis Saling Berimpit<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3455293236136885582&postID=4754573345854334468" name="OLE_LINK4"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3455293236136885582&postID=4754573345854334468" name="OLE_LINK3">Dua buah garis akan saling berimpit apabila persamaan garis yang satu merupakan kelipatan dari persamaan garis yang lain. Artinya persamaan garis y<sub>1</sub> = a<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x akan berimpit dengan persamaan garis y<sub>2</sub> = a<sub>2</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>x apabila y<sub>1</sub> = ny<sub>2</sub> ; a<sub>1</sub> = na<sub>2</sub> ; b<sub>1</sub> = nb<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>Gambar :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 165.75pt; width: 390.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.emz"> </v:imagedata><b><o:p></o:p></b></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Dd9xab3xi4lquyq3n0QD753DnTL18ZoBmzpobSQ2y2WAMbbQfGsVa2IRMqaFrvJFPUduVOBAztOcO4A4gR_B6QzFbCFG9f5xcz0o0eJ2mSv3FepsrPjAdaEQEjhWdJ1BvkYxQlgGkdAU/s1600/coba-8.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Dd9xab3xi4lquyq3n0QD753DnTL18ZoBmzpobSQ2y2WAMbbQfGsVa2IRMqaFrvJFPUduVOBAztOcO4A4gR_B6QzFbCFG9f5xcz0o0eJ2mSv3FepsrPjAdaEQEjhWdJ1BvkYxQlgGkdAU/s400/coba-8.bmp" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>2.2. Dua Buah Garis Saling Sejajar<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Dua buah garis akan saling sejajar apabila lereng garis yang satu sama dengan lereng garis yang lain. Artinya persamaan garis y<sub>1</sub> = a<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x akan sejajar dengan persamaan garis y<sub>2</sub> = a<sub>2</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>x apabila a<sub>1</sub> ≠ a<sub>2</sub> dan b<sub>1</sub> = b<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>Gambar :<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="height: 195pt; width: 453.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.emz"> </v:imagedata><b><o:p></o:p></b></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7MEnMRUJLP6Ma1Fen0WX-n-y5huXiRrz0nSlqn5L0pxCP7htukTGl4H97fJHJ7sAVD-fsPMhX_2L7nInzCxaID2ja3_URY-T6IWg8E04ON-CJMJh65F9V7hsUctobWcgS17TqPIYnJP4P/s1600/coba-9.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7MEnMRUJLP6Ma1Fen0WX-n-y5huXiRrz0nSlqn5L0pxCP7htukTGl4H97fJHJ7sAVD-fsPMhX_2L7nInzCxaID2ja3_URY-T6IWg8E04ON-CJMJh65F9V7hsUctobWcgS17TqPIYnJP4P/s400/coba-9.bmp" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>2.3. Dua Buah Garis Saling Berpotongan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">Dua buah garis akan saling berpotongan apabila lereng garis yang satu tidak sama dengan lereng garis yang lain. Artinya persamaan garis y<sub>1</sub> = a<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x akan berimpit dengan persamaan garis y<sub>2</sub> = a<sub>2</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>x apabila b<sub>1</sub> ≠ b<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>Gambar :</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIVSsr-r3aIgey4JyF6cllmOUqFN2o0jVgDnIus7ZOXaoRLCT_XHsFnJ25cmOr60qx0-LHuNu3MRvPRJaeNj68cgi8PqWAwR-qZWj1yDZSI5fk2qmMQT8DqXGI1TrUiN-g9emKntaD2pn5/s1600/coba-10.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIVSsr-r3aIgey4JyF6cllmOUqFN2o0jVgDnIus7ZOXaoRLCT_XHsFnJ25cmOr60qx0-LHuNu3MRvPRJaeNj68cgi8PqWAwR-qZWj1yDZSI5fk2qmMQT8DqXGI1TrUiN-g9emKntaD2pn5/s640/coba-10.bmp" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" o:ole="" style="height: 183pt; width: 432.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.emz"> </v:imagedata><b><o:p></o:p></b></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b>2.4. Dua Buah Garis Saling Tegak Lurus<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ewJX3BNUcv9La5leUupTAj1esb1Etqsv4F9tIeA6QJb7Gj8TlYjv6Vyym1IjLRyIP70CqSxdyGVMLqjIopR1RwV979ZNFAbBO6yFnOlH5KTZaVJ1cs5e2ARcP9SOC-RewqY8GGFO73dD/s1600/coba-11.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ewJX3BNUcv9La5leUupTAj1esb1Etqsv4F9tIeA6QJb7Gj8TlYjv6Vyym1IjLRyIP70CqSxdyGVMLqjIopR1RwV979ZNFAbBO6yFnOlH5KTZaVJ1cs5e2ARcP9SOC-RewqY8GGFO73dD/s640/coba-11.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>Dua buah garis akan saling tegak lurus apabila lereng garis yang satu kebalikan dari lereng garis yang lain dengan tanda yang berlawanan . Artinya persamaan garis y<sub>1</sub> = a<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>1</sub>x akan tegak lurus dengan persamaan garis y<sub>2</sub> = a<sub>2</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>x apabila b<sub>1</sub> = -1/b<sub>2</sub> atau b<sub>1</sub> . b<sub>2</sub> = -1.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" o:ole="" style="height: 198pt; width: 432.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.emz"> </v:imagedata><b><o:p></o:p></b></v:shape></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Latihan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">1. Bentuklah persamaan linier yang garisnya melalui pasangan titik-titik berikut,<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (a) (-1,4) dan (1,0)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (b) (-1,-2) dan (-5,-2)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (c) (0,0) dan (1,5)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (d) (1,4) dan (2,3)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">2. Bentuklah persamaan linier yang garisnya melalui titik (-1,3) dan mempunyai koefisien arah atau lereng sebesar,<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (a) -1<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (b) 2<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (c) 5<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> (d) 0<o:p></o:p></div> <b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>FUNGSI LINIERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00325983856561950594noreply@blogger.com0